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Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) are formulated by condensing the glucose with an -amino group of lysine and an -amino group of N-terminal amino acids
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If any step breaks down (low stomach acid, lack of intrinsic factor, or gut inflammation), much of the B12 passes through unabsorbed
Vitamin B12 can then be absorbed into the bloodstream via endocytosis in the distal ileum, or by passive diffusion in the absence of intrinsic factor.2 Pernicious anemia (an autoimmune disease) affects the gastric mucosa, leading to destruction of parietal cells and failure to produce intrinsic factor, resulting in vitamin B12 malabsorption and eventually deficiency
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